Road traffic accidents refer to incidents that disrupt the coordination of traffic systems due to negligence, resulting in direct losses. These accidents are categorized into two main types: ordinary road accidents and highway accidents. According to incomplete data, since the invention of the bicycle, over 32 million people have died globally from road traffic accidents, surpassing the number of war-related deaths during the same period.
**I. Types of Highway Traffic Accidents**
There are multiple ways to classify road traffic accidents:
1. **By Severity**:
- **Extraordinary Accidents**: More than 3 deaths, or 11+ serious injuries, or property damage exceeding 60,000 yuan.
- **Major Accidents**: 1-2 deaths, 3-10 serious injuries, or property damage between 30,000 and 60,000 yuan.
- **General Accidents**: 1-2 serious injuries, 3 minor injuries, or property damage under 30,000 yuan.
- **Minor Accidents**: 1-2 minor injuries, or property damage less than 1,000 yuan for motor vehicles and 200 yuan for non-motorized vehicles.
2. **By Accident Type**:
- **Out-of-road accidents**, **non-collision on roads**, and **collision on roads**. Collision accidents can further be divided into corner, rear-end, frontal, and side collisions.
3. **By Vehicle Type**:
- Includes truck, bus, motorcycle, non-motorized vehicle, and pedestrian-related accidents.
4. **By Injury Outcome**:
- Divided into **fatal**, **severe**, **minor**, and **slight** injuries based on the degree of harm.
5. **By Injury Mechanism**:
- Includes **impact**, **pressure**, **falling**, **whiplash**, and **load-related** injuries.
6. **By Open vs. Closed Injuries**:
- **Open injuries** involve external exposure and are more prone to infection.
- **Closed injuries** occur without skin breach and may be harder to detect.
**II. Classification of Road Traffic Injuries**
Injuries from road accidents vary widely in type and severity. Common classifications include:
- **By Body Part**: Head, chest, abdominal, spinal, and limb injuries. Visceral injuries (e.g., liver, lung, spleen) are also common.
- **By User Type**: Pedestrian, driver, cyclist, motorcyclist, and occupant injuries.
- **By Injury Type**: Scratches, contusions, fractures, dislocations, and amputations.
- **By Severity**: Fatal, severe, minor, and slight injuries.
- **By Cause**: Impact, pressure, falling, whiplash, and load-related injuries.
- **By Nature**: Open or closed injuries based on whether the wound is exposed to the outside world.
**III. Characteristics of Road Traffic Accidents**
1. **Trend in Frequency and Severity**:
- The number of multi-vehicle collisions is increasing as road quality improves and speeds rise.
- More accidents occur between 7–14 and 16–18 hours, with higher rates during summer and holidays.
- Sunny days have the highest accident rate (73.2%–87.2%), while foggy and windy days have the lowest.
2. **Location and Demographics**:
- Most accidents occur on straight roads (58.1%), followed by sharp bends (12.5%) and intersections (10%).
- Urban areas see more accidents involving small cars, while cyclists and pedestrians are often the primary victims.
3. **Mortality and Injury Patterns**:
- Head injuries account for 50%–70% of fatalities, followed by internal injuries and hemorrhagic shock.
- Over two-thirds of deaths occur before or during rescue operations.
- Farmers make up the largest group of casualties, accounting for 52.4% of all deaths.
**IV. Main Features of Highway Traffic Accidents**
1. **Human Factors**:
- Many accidents are caused by poor road conditions, illegal driving, bad weather, drunk driving, and vehicle malfunctions.
- For example, a bus in 1998 fell into a canal due to narrow roads and no safety barriers, killing 43 people.
2. **High Frequency and Global Impact**:
- Approximately 10,000 people die annually in car accidents worldwide.
- With increasing traffic, the problem will worsen, and it’s critical to improve emergency response and rescue techniques.
3. **Chain Reactions**:
- Collisions can lead to explosions, fires, and damage to surrounding infrastructure, creating secondary disasters.
4. **Social Consequences**:
- Major accidents cause traffic disruptions, economic losses, and public distrust in transportation.
- Frequent accidents may also draw international attention and affect public perception.
Understanding these patterns helps in developing better prevention strategies and improving emergency responses to reduce the impact of road traffic accidents.
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