(1) Fishmeal production involves using sea fish, freshwater fish, and by-products from seafood processing as raw materials. The process begins with drying or boiling the materials to remove moisture, followed by grinding them into a fine powder that is ready for use. This method typically uses high-temperature treatment, resulting in a high-quality product that is commonly used in animal feed.
(2) Meat and bone meal is produced mainly from meat processing waste and non-hygienic animal tissues. The raw materials are steamed, with organs cooked for about an hour and heads and hooves for 2–3 hours. After cooking, the fat is removed, and the mixture is crushed and dried. The final product has a light red color, with moisture content below 6% and crude protein exceeding 40%, making it a valuable source of nutrition for livestock.
(3) Blood meal is made from animal blood collected during slaughter. The blood is heated until it coagulates and water evaporates, then spread on concrete floors to dry. It's important to continuously stir the blood and add 0.5–1.5% quicklime before boiling. Once the clot forms, it is placed in a sack and squeezed to drain more than 50% of the water. The material is then dried periodically until fully dehydrated. The final product has a protein content of 70–80% and is best used immediately after processing.
(4) Feather powder is made from bird feathers. The feathers are first washed and dried, then placed in an acid-resistant pot with a 1:6 ratio of water to feathers and 0.2% dilute hydrochloric acid. They are boiled until easily separable. After rinsing, they are sun-dried and ground into a fine powder. The resulting feather powder contains approximately 70% protein, making it a useful protein supplement in feed.
(5) Bone powder is made from animal bones. The bones are boiled for 7–8 hours to remove fat, then sun-dried and crushed into a fine powder. This process can also involve roasting the bones over a metal frame before grinding. Bone powder is an excellent source of calcium and phosphorus, often used to enrich animal diets.
(6) Eggshell powder is made from clean, fresh eggshells. The shells are washed, boiled, and then fried at 60°C in an iron pan. After frying, they are crushed into a fine powder. This powder serves as a good calcium supplement for animals, especially in poultry and pig feed.
(7) Silkworm cocoon processing involves using silkworm cocoons, which are a by-product of silk production. The cocoons are boiled multiple times to remove oil, then dried and crushed into a fine powder. With around 45% crude protein, silkworm cocoon powder is ideal for feeding pigs and poultry, providing a nutritious and cost-effective feed ingredient.
This comprehensive guide highlights the various methods used to convert agricultural and food processing by-products into valuable animal feed ingredients, supporting sustainable and efficient livestock management.
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