Abstract The United States has made several breakthroughs in the fields of nanomaterials, biomaterials, metallic materials and non-metallic materials. Tian Xue (Reporter in the US) In the field of nanomaterials, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States adopt a unique approach at the nanoscale.
United States A number of breakthroughs have been made in the fields of nanomaterials, biomaterials, metallic materials and non-metallic materials.
Tian Xue (Reporter in the United States) In the field of nanomaterials, researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology of the United States have developed a multi-walled carbon nanotube material by using a unique sandwich structure on the nanometer scale. The thickness is less than one percent of the diameter of a human hair, but it can significantly reduce the flammability of foam products. The National Linear Accelerator Laboratory and Stanford University have jointly revealed the superconducting mechanism of graphene intercalation composites for the first time, and found that a potential process can make graphene, the king of materials, with broad application prospects, dream of people's dreams. Superconducting performance. Pennsylvania State University students produce ultra-fine "diamond nanowires" whose core is connected by the basic unit structure of diamonds - carbon atoms are connected end to end in a triangular tetrahedral structure, surrounded by a layer of hydrogen atoms, the diamond nanowires Both strength and hardness exceed the current strongest nanotubes and polymeric materials. Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated to cast 3D technology objects smaller than 25 nanometers: researchers implanted tiny metal nano "seeds" in carefully designed different 3D DNA modules and stimulated their growth into a module Cube nanoparticles of the same dimension. This is the first time to create inorganic nanoparticles with only 25 nanometers or less based on the specified three-dimensional shape with an error of less than 5 nanometers.
In the field of biomaterials, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology synthesizes active biomaterials containing both biological and non-biological components, in which living cells react to the environment, producing complex biomolecules that conduct or illuminate. Rice University's Nanophotonics Laboratory has developed a new color display technology that can display the red, blue and green colors of the birth, and is a key step towards the manufacture of "squid skin" metamaterials. This type of material can sense the color of the surrounding environment and automatically change its color to blend with the surrounding environment to achieve the long-awaited perfect optical camouflage.
In terms of metal materials, US and Chinese scientists have found that by pre-treating a steel called twin-induced plasticity (TWIP), the strength and toughness of the steel can be broken, and the steel can be balanced. Strength and toughness, with this technology, are also expected to produce steel with better performance.
In terms of non-metallic materials, the George Washington University Propeller and Nanotechnology Laboratory created a new supercapacitor that combines graphene sheets with single-walled carbon nanotubes by combining two single-atom thick carbon structures. Complementary, the device combines high performance with low cost. American scientists have successfully "mixed" silicon and non-silicon materials to develop a three-dimensional nanowire transistor that integrates silicon and non-silicon materials into an integrated circuit. This technology is expected to help silicon materials break through the bottleneck. Pave the way for faster, more stable electronics and photonics manufacturing. American scientists have also developed a new ceramic material that is formed by the interdigitation of nanopillars, which bends under pressure, but then restores shape, making it one of the strongest and lightest materials ever.
In addition, a number of research institutes in the United States have cooperated to build a structurally load-bearing weight into a microscopic scale based on nano-micro-grid, creating extremely transparent and sturdy materials with the advantages of high hardness, high strength and ultra-low density. The method can also be applied to metals, high-polymer materials, etc., and it is expected that the same weight of materials will be recorded in hardness.
United Kingdom
The research and application of graphene is still leading, and new research and application of new materials have achieved new results.
Liu Haiying (Reporter in the UK) In the graphene field, in September, Cambridge University scientists developed the world's first graphene-based flexible display, which proves that graphene can be used to manufacture transistor-based flexible devices; the same month, Manchester University The researchers used a two-dimensional material called hexagonal boron nitride, which is called "white graphene", to laminate a graphene material containing a hexagonal boron nitride interlayer. This material has the function of storing electron energy and momentum, and may become a manufacturing future. The material of the new generation of transistors is preferred.
Research on other new materials: In March, the University of London developed a new type of photoactive antibacterial material that uses a combination of crystal violet and methylene blue dyes and gold nanoparticles to not only kill bacteria in the light. The effect is also very good in the dark environment. In July, the British company Surrey Nanosystems used the carbon nanotubes 10,000 times thinner than the hair to produce the "blackest" material on the aluminum foil, reflecting only 0.035% of the light, to the extent that the naked eye could not distinguish. The material's thermal conductivity is 7.5 times that of copper and its tensile strength is 10 times that of steel, setting a new record. In September, the University of Southampton developed an ultra-thin material called molybdenum disulfide. In addition to its excellent electrical conductivity and super hardness, it also has luminescent properties and is expected to be a powerful challenger for graphene.
Germany
Successfully developed new materials such as artificial bone marrow, ionic liquid polymer smart film, steel-aluminum mixed compound.
Li Shan (reporter of the newspaper in Germany) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology developed artificial bone marrow. Compared with standard cell culture methods, more stem cells in artificial bone marrow retain their special properties and provide new prospects for the treatment of leukemia. The German Institute for Biological Process and Analytical Measurement has developed a microfluidic chip based on photosensitive glass, a nanostructured cell-carrier system that plays a key role in the production of man-made tissue.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology uses 3D laser lithography to develop a lightweight material that is porous and non-solid in shell structure. Its density is less than water and its load-bearing capacity exceeds that of steel. Since then, the college has succeeded in developing a polymer material that has a crystal structure of submicron precision that allows fingers or measuring instruments to not feel the objects hidden in it.
The Leibniz Institute for Condensed Matter and Materials prepared a monolayer thickness of iron in the unsupported graphene pores. This new material has some potentially useful and novel properties, such as large magnetic moments. The University of Heidelberg successfully separated a stable gold-carbene complex by chemical methods, and for the first time directly studied the double-bonded gold carbon which was unstable under other conditions. The University of Munich uses superconducting iron selenide (FeSe) and ferromagnetic lithium hydroxide-iron (Li,Fe)OH layers to form a ferromagnetic superconducting compound suitable for chemical modification.
The Leibniz Polymer Research Institute has developed a new waterproof and oil-repellent polymer film. The Max Planck Institute for Colloid and Interface has invented a transiently responsive ionic liquid polymer smart film. It has a unique chemical composition and pore-like structure, and when it "sniffs" a small amount of organic solvent in the air, it can undergo rapid curling motion in 0.1 seconds. The University of Heidelberg and others have successfully developed a supporting lipid monolayer and gallium nitride nanostructures. The protein binding on this hybrid biofilm can be detected by electrochemical charge sensors.
The University of Keele used lithium palladium as a reaction catalyst to successfully dope organotin into semiconductor polymers for the first time. This new polymer can increase the absorption range of the spectrum. Marburg University and other research and development of asymmetric catalysts that can be used in photochemical reactions. Provide a new way for efficient, green asymmetric synthesis.
The University of Keele further studied the metallic glass material and explained the reason why the liquid metal alloy solidified into glass, which formed a disordered atomic structure. The Fraunhofer Institute for Materials and Beam Technology (IWS) has developed a steel-aluminum hybrid compound. The University of Bremen et al. found that nanodiamonds can effectively kill bacteria like metallic silver and copper, and their bactericidal properties are related to a specific oxygen-containing group on the surface called an acid anhydride. The German Electronic Synchrotron (DESY) Institute has developed a new type of super-abrasive cellulose fiber that can be used in wind turbine blades in the future.
Russia
For the first time in the world, the use of absorbable vascular stents, the development of artificial materials that can produce cartilage tissue, and the development of composite coatings with anti-eavesdropping capabilities.
Yan Kewei (Reporter in Russia) In March, the world's first use of absorbable blood vessel stents. This kind of stent can restore the blood flow of the blocked coronary artery like a metal stent, and deliver the medicine to the affected area. After the treatment is completed, the stent will automatically absorb, leaving only two pairs of tiny metal markers in the blood vessel to help the doctor to indicate the surgical position and Help monitor the future status of diseased blood vessels. This bioabsorbable stent is made of polylactic acid, and the blood vessels treated in this way maintain normal function and elasticity due to the absence of hard metal implants.
In collaboration with the Institute of Biology and Basic Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Hematopoietic Pathology, electrospinning technology has been used to develop artificial materials that can be used to replace coronary vessels and to create cartilage tissue and to promote cell growth. This technology can obtain fibers from 10 nanometers to several micrometers in diameter from polymer solutions; other elements can be added to the material to dissolve the two polymers or drugs together to meet the performance requirements of medical materials.
Researchers at the Tomsk Radiation Protection company, an innovative company affiliated to the National University of Tomsk, in Russia, have invented a coating made of a composite material that has a strong anti-eavesdropping function. The coating is a mixed powder of microwave ferrite and different amounts of nano-carbon, and the coating absorbs or reflects radiation according to different components. If the carbon nano-content is low, almost complete absorption of radiation can be achieved; if the carbon nano-content is high, the coating can reflect radiation. This coating can make the meeting room very safe and no one can hear the conversation.
France
Developed a nanotube sponge that absorbs contaminants, a highly conductive organometallic material and a new crystalline form of "Ice 16".
Li Hongce (Reporter in France) In February, researchers at Nantes University cooperated with Italy to develop carbon nanotube sponges, which can absorb pollutants such as fertilizers, pesticides and medicines in water, and the purification efficiency is more than three times that of the previous method. After being doped with sulfur, it can also improve the ability to absorb oil and can be used for industrial accidents and oil spill cleanup. Carbon nanotubes are hollow "microtubes" that are wound from a hexagonal grid like a graphite structure. The porous structure of carbon nanotubes designed by the French researchers can float on the water surface. Once the oil is saturated, it is easy to take out. It can be reused by simply releasing the oil.
In August, the research team at the University of Strasbourg developed a highly conductive organometallic material. The material is a one-dimensional supramolecular polymer composed of a large number of 3-aminotriarylamine (TATA) molecules stacked, and has the characteristics of high conductivity, light weight, and softness. Organic metals are low in cost, easy to produce, can be used at one time, can avoid a large amount of electronic waste pollution, and can be used to replace inorganic materials such as metals for use in electronic equipment.
In September, the European joint research team at Aix-Marseille University successfully synthesized two-dimensional material terpenes. The material is composed of a single layer of germanium atoms and is a robust two-dimensional topological insulator that can be used in future quantum computing applications at room temperature.
In December, French and German researchers made a new crystalline form of "Ice 16". This outcome can be used in the future to address problems encountered in energy production, transportation and storage. This is the first time scientists have directly quantified the effects of interactions between water molecules and gas molecules in the laboratory, helping to further understand gas hydrates, which is of great significance for geological and chemical research.
Canada
Developed advanced "invisible" camouflage fabrics to design nano-fiber cables that can significantly reduce consumption.
Feng Weidong (Reporter in Canada) Hyperstealth Biotech has developed an advanced camouflage fabric that will make soldiers become "invisible people" in the future. This "quantum invisible" camouflage fabric can bend the surrounding light waves to achieve an invisible effect.
The University of Alberta's electronics engineers have successfully designed nanofiber cables that can replace copper wires in computer chips, significantly increasing computational speed and reducing the power consumption of electronic devices. The researchers designed a new non-metallic metamaterial that confines light waves to nanofiber cables without generating heat, weakening signals, or losing data. Researchers will create metamaterials on silicon to surpass the current wave limiting strategy used in the industry.
AeroVelo has designed the new bicycle Eta, which combines aerodynamics and transmission systems to break the current record of 133.8km/h. The outer casing of the Eta is made of carbon fiber and the inner frame is made of carbon fiber composite. The vehicle weighs only 20.4 kg.
Adding a company to develop aluminum deep-sea diving equipment allows professional divers to counter the huge water pressure and explore the seabed more freely. The deep-sea diving suit is made of aluminum alloy and is equipped with 18 articulated swivel joints to keep the diver's hands, feet and head in a flexible movement against large water pressures.
Concordia University has developed a smart suit that changes the color and appearance of the garment as the wearer moves. The "Kama Chameleon" project stores the energy of the body by weaving electronic fibers into the clothes so that the clothes can be charged.
Korea
According to market demand, we continue to deepen the field of applied materials and make breakthroughs in the materials available for solar cells and wearable electronic equipment.
Xue Yan (Reporter in South Korea) In February, Zhao Jiyuan, a professor of the Department of Chemical Engineering at Pohang University of Technology, first proposed the formation principle of organic solar cell films, and successfully developed an efficiency increase over existing organic solar cells. More than 20% of solar cells.
In April, a technique for repeatedly synthesizing single crystal graphene on a semiconductor wafer was developed. If the technology is further developed, it will be able to produce semiconductors that are processing more than 10 times faster than now in the next five years. It is also expected to develop a bend that can be folded two or three times like a paper sheet or bent in a pocket. Display and wearable computer.
Japan
Developed the world's most heat-resistant bioplastics, high-strength medical gels and more rare earth-reducing magnet manufacturing technologies.
Ge Jin (Reporter in Japan) Researchers at Hokuriku University of Science and Technology and University of Tsukuba use transgenic coliforms to produce cinnamon-like substances with a hard structure and process them using photochemical methods to successfully produce the world's most Heat resistant bioplastic. The substance is expected to become a substitute for metals and glass in automotive and electrical components in the future.
Researchers at the University of Tokyo have succeeded in developing a high-strength medical gel that does not swell even when placed in water. This material can be used in the future to manufacture medical devices such as artificial cartilage and to play a role in stem cell therapy.
Researchers at Ritsumeikan University have developed a low-cost deep-UV illuminator that uses an LED light source to replace the mercury lamp currently in use as a new source of sterilizing treatment.
Researchers at the Industrial Technology Research Institute used silica, the main component of sand, to react with alcohol, and successfully produced tetraethoxysilane, the main raw material for the silicon chemical industry. This new technology is not only efficient, but also because of its direct synthesis and relatively simple, which may have a major impact on the future silicon chemical industry.
Researchers at Kyushu University have developed a new process that greatly reduces the amount of platinum used in fuel cells by reducing the diameter of platinum particles as a catalyst and its solidification density on solid surfaces, reaching one-tenth of the current level. The emergence of this achievement means that the cost of fuel cells in the future may be greatly reduced.
Researchers at the Materials Research Institute have successfully synthesized a new magnet compound, NdFe12Nx, which uses less rare earths and has better magnetic properties than the neodymium magnets currently used in hybrid motor drive motors. characteristic.
Israel
Nanomaterials application research focuses on advanced medical technology, cracking the retinal mechanism to promote the invention of new photographic film, discovering rare chemical materials, and designing quantum computers using new particle materials.
Feng Zhiwen (Reporter in Israel) Hebrew University scientists used nanotechnology to invent new photographic film, which made it possible to manufacture artificial retina based on this new nanomaterial.
Researchers at Ben Gurion University have proposed new quantum computer models that use the recently discovered Mayorana particles and their unique interaction with light. New solid-state components can store and process quantum information, and its controllability Better than other materials available today.
Researchers at Bayland University have invented nanobots that can treat cancer. This nano-robot can be injected into a patient's body to recognize and kill cancer cells without affecting healthy cells. So far, robots can identify more than a dozen types of cancers, including leukemias and solid tumors. This robot also helps to check insulin levels in patients with epilepsy and diabetes.
An interdisciplinary team at the Israel Institute of Technology first discovered the optical mechanism of retinal glial cells, which explores new ways to improve vision. The study found that the human retina is not only a photoelectric conversion system that captures information, but also a complex optical structure.
Researchers at Tel Aviv University use nanotechnology to treat drug-resistant ovarian tumors. This new nano drug delivery system uses specific nanoparticle clusters to direct and deliver chemotherapeutic drugs to aggregate in specific tumor cells, producing significant results.
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