According to tests conducted by electric power experts, the following problems occur frequently in power grids and cause interference or damage to computers, precision instruments, and UPS power supplies:
1) Transient overvoltage:
Transient overvoltage refers to a pulse voltage with a peak voltage of up to 20000V but a duration ranging from one millionth of a second to one ten-thousandth of a second. The main reason and possible damage are similar to high-voltage spikes, but there are differences in the solution.
2) Voltage sags:
Voltage sagging refers to a low voltage state where the mains voltage is between 80% and 85% of the nominal value and lasts for one to several cycles. Turning on large devices, starting large motors, or accessing large power transformers can all cause this problem.
3) Surge:
Surge refers to an output voltage rms greater than 110% of nominal value and lasting for one or several cycles. The surge is mainly due to the high voltage generated by the sudden unloading of the power grid when the large electrical equipment connected to the power grid is shut down.
4) Continuous low voltage:
Continuous low voltage means that the mains voltage is lower than the rated value and lasts for a long time. The reasons for this include: start-up and application of large-scale equipment, switching of main power lines, starting of large motors, and overload of lines. If your utility has a similar problem, it is recommended that you ask the power department to measure parameters such as frequency, waveform and voltage of the grid to confirm whether the utility has the above problems.
5) Frequency offset:
The frequency offset is the change in the frequency of the commercial power over 3 Hz. This is mainly caused by the unstable operation of the emergency generator or by the power supply with unstable frequency.
6) Wire noise:
Wire noise refers to Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) and Electromagnetic Interference (EFI) as well as various other high frequency interferences. Motor operation, relay operation, motor controller operation, broadcast launch, microwave radiation, and electrical storms all cause line noise interference.
7) High pressure spike:
A high-voltage spike is a voltage that peaks at 6000v and lasts from one-tenth of a second to one-half cycle (10ms). This is mainly due to lightning strikes, arc discharges, static discharges or switching operations of large electrical equipment.
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