The application prospect of rumen-free technology (RPT) in the ruminant feed industry
Rumen Protected Techniques is to treat some nutrients (such as protein, amino acid, fat and starch) through some techniques to protect them, reduce fermentation and degradation in the rumen of ruminants, and then directly enter the small intestine. It is digested and absorbed to achieve the purpose of improving feed utilization. The use of rumen technology reduces the degradation rate of nutrients in the rumen and increases its digestion and absorption in the small intestine, thereby increasing the utilization of these nutrients.
1, the application status of rumen technology
The purpose of the rumen technology is to protect a sufficient proportion of nutrients, not to be degraded by the rumen microorganisms into the small intestine, and to protect the rumen nutrients into the small intestine, which can be effectively digested and utilized in the small intestine.
protein through the rumen
In general, about 60% of the protein that enters the rumen is decomposed. The decomposition products are ammonia, volatile fatty acids, carbon dioxide and other nitrogenous substances. The remaining undigested parts enter the rumen and digest with the movement of the gastrointestinal chyme. The protein is further digested by the protease of the abomasum and small intestine, and this part of the protein that is not decomposed by rumen microorganisms is called "ruminal protein."
On March 1, 2001, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the Notice on Prohibiting the Addition and Use of Animal Feed in Ruminant Feed. Animal feed, especially meat and bone meal, fish meal and blood meal, is the most commonly used rumen in ruminant feed. The source of protein, so the ban on animal feed such as meat and bone meal, fish meal, and blood meal has increased the difficulty of ruminant feed formulation technology, so animal nutrition and feed processing researchers have sought technical alternatives.
1.2 Protection of choline over rumen
Cows need choline to form certain phospholipids in the body, and choline is a precursor of acetylcholine. Choline, as a donor to the methyl group, synthesizes fat in the liver and then outputs it from the liver as an energy source. Thus, the threat of fatty liver formation can be reduced. The addition of rumen-protected choline to the diet promotes lactation, increases milk production, and may increase milk fat. The investigators (Bonomi et al., 1996) have confirmed that three different levels of RPC (Rumen-Protected Choline) (2 g, 6 g, 10 g) or 10 g of unprotected choline are fed ( Choline chloride can affect milk production and its composition. The results showed that the milk yield increased by 6.75%, 8.8%, 10%, 5%, respectively; the milk fat percentage increased by 4%, 4.3%, 6%, 3.1%; the milk protein rate also increased by 4.7%, 5.6%, 7.5%. , 3.5%.
Another factor worth considering is that the addition of choline is associated with rumen-protected methionine supplementation or high levels of protein in the diet. These factors reduce or limit the need for choline and also affect the effect of choline addition. (Erdman et al, 1984; Sharma & Erdman, 1988b). Studies have found that low protein levels enhance the impact of RPC on production performance (Erdman & Sharma, 1991). In the absence of choline, methionine replaces choline, and when methionine is insufficient, choline acts as a methyl donor to save methionine. Therefore, in order to achieve and maintain a higher quality and quantity of milk production, especially in the early stages of lactation, the addition of choline becomes necessary. In order to prevent choline from being decomposed in the rumen, it is ensured that the digestive tract is absorbed in the stomach of the tumor network, so rumen protective choline should be used.
1.3 Rumen Protected Amino Acids (RPAA)
The so-called RPAA (Rumen Protected Amino Acids) is to protect or protect the amino acid in a certain way so as not to be degraded by microorganisms in the rumen, and to be absorbed or released at the site where the best effect is produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Amino acid. This RPAA product should be recognized as safe (GRAS).
A large number of studies at home and abroad have shown that lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) are the first or second limiting amino acids when lactating cows feed corn-based diets to synthesize proteins. When formulating a diet, especially for high-yield animals, high RUP diets can only be achieved by feeding protein supplements to achieve the desired levels of Lys and Met in MP. The addition of crystalline Lys and Met has no effect because they rapidly deamination in the rumen (Chalupa, 1976; Onodera, 1993). Even if the rumen microbial protein synthesis is maximized, the proteins and amino acids entering the small intestine are still difficult to meet the nutritional needs of modern high-yield livestock, and it is necessary to increase the amount of true proteins and amino acids entering the small intestine. Therefore, many new techniques are used to protect Lys and Met from rumen without degradation, without affecting the digestion of amino acids in the small intestine. According to the new NRC study, RPAA mainly uses three technologies: 1) coating the surface of amino acids with fatty acids or pH-sensitive polymers. 2) RPAA surface coating involves oil or saturated fatty acids and minerals 3) liquid source Met hydroxyl analog (HMB).
The use of a small amount of rumen-protected amino acids (RPAA) can not only replace a significant amount of rumen non-degradable protein (UIP), but also increase milk production and milk fat percentage, reduce dietary protein levels and feed costs. Feeding ruminant protective amino acids (RPAA) to ruminants is the easiest and most straightforward way to regulate the number and composition of amino acids entering the small intestine (Wang Hongrong, 1998).
2 advantages and application of rumen technology (RPT)
2.1 Advantages of RPT
2.1.1 The most convenient and straightforward practical method for balancing intestinal nutrients.
2.1.2 Improve the utilization rate of feed and reduce the cost of diet.
2.1.3 Reduce the amount of harmful substances in animal waste and urine to the surrounding environment.
2.1.4 Improve the production performance of ruminant livestock and the quality of livestock products (milk, meat, hair, etc.).
2.2 Application of RPT
The rumen is a large fermenter for ruminant livestock. It can not only digest crude fiber which is difficult to digest in single stomach livestock, reduce the activity of some anti-nutritional factors, improve the utilization rate of phytate phosphorus in feed, and free some high-quality protein. Amino acids, sugars, etc. also have a certain degradation. Therefore, certain processing of the feed (expansion, steam compression, etc.) increases the amount of UIP and RBS in the feed. It is also possible to coat some small or small amounts of nutrients (amino acids, choline, etc.) with a coating technique to avoid degradation in the rumen.
2.2.1 Rumen Protected Amino Acids (RPAA)
The RPAA developed abroad is mainly a product using chemical protection methods, such as N-hydroxymethyl-DL-methionine calcium (solid, trade name Mepron M85, Germany), DL-methionine hydroxyl analog (MHA) and its Calcium salt (MHA-Ca), Ruodimet TmAT88 (liquid, France) and amino acid metal chelate (zinc methionine, methionine selenide, copper methioninate, calcium methioninate, zinc lysine, etc.). Since the methionine hydroxy analog does not require a "protective" coating when it passes through the rumen, it is not subject to feed processing. This means that the methionine hydroxy analog can be mixed, steamed, extruded, expanded or granulated without destroying its activity. The amino acid metal chelate has good rumen performance and can achieve the effect of "1+1>2", that is, the bioavailability of protein and trace elements is significantly improved.
Due to limitations in technology and capital, China is still focusing on the development of physical protection methods for RPAA products, focusing on exploring a good protective material that is not only degraded by the rumen micro-ecological environment, but also in the small intestine pH. The value, digestive enzymes, etc. are completely decomposed by the action. The physical protection method of RPAA has a very important relationship with the core material and the selected wall material. The process route used for different wall materials may be completely different. Philippine also uses physical and chemical protection methods. That is, the ph value is sensitive, and at the same time, the packaging material sensitive to the flavonoid enzyme preparation adopts a special process, so that the coated AA has better protection in the rumen, and is easier to digest in the abdomen and small intestine (the schematic diagram is as follows). The technology is the first in China, the first technology to obtain approval number and production license for production.
3, RPT application prospects and significance in ruminant feed production
The addition of rumen amino acids, fats, choline and other products to ruminant diets can not only improve the productivity of ruminants, feed utilization, but also reduce the supply of crude protein in ruminants, the supply of crude protein in feed, and heat stress in dairy cows. . The development of rumen-containing amino acids, fats and choline and the specific processing of feed ingredients have somewhat reduced the shortage of protein feed resources in the world, reduced ammonia nitrogen emissions from animal waste and urine, and the negative energy potential of ruminants. Balance, nutrition and metabolic diseases, etc., at the same time improve the quality of animal products, reduce the cost of diet, improve the quality of animal products, and meet the human requirements for environmental protection.
RPT's future research is not only in theory, with the continuous research on ruminant protein energy and other nutrients, the increase in the quantity and quality of ruminant livestock in China, and the application and demand of rumen technology in ruminant livestock feed production. It becomes inevitable. The development and application of rumen protective products will play an important role in the future ruminant feed industry and have important theoretical guidance and practical significance for ruminant feed production.
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