Abstract: Soy isoflavones are a kind of phytoestrogens, which have weak estrogen-like activity, and also have the functions of strengthening heart, lowering blood fat, fighting cancer and inhibiting osteoporosis. The application of daidzein in livestock and poultry feed can significantly promote male animal growth, reduce feed cost, improve animal fecundity and enhance immunity, so it will have greater potential and broad potential as a new feed additive. Prospects.
Key words: daidzein; mechanism of action; application of
CLC number: S816.42 Document code: A
In recent years, with the increase in feed production, market competition has become more and more fierce, and more and more problems have appeared in the production and use of feed. In particular, the abuse of antibiotics, heavy metal salts and illegal drugs in feeds has caused serious economic losses to the aquaculture industry. What is more serious is that it directly or indirectly threatens people's health.
High-yield, high-quality, high-efficiency, non-polluting is the theme of sustainable development of animal husbandry in the 21st century. It is an inevitable trend to produce safe and environmentally-friendly feed. The development of new green feed additives has become a hot spot in feed research. Soy isoflavones are among them. One of the future.
Soy isoflavones are a class of secondary metabolites formed during the growth of soybeans. In 1931, the first extraction from soybeans, in 1962, Setchell and Adlercreutz for the first time confirmed that soy isoflavones are similar in structure to mammalian estrogens, and their possible anti-cancer effects. A large number of studies after 1980 showed that soy isoflavones have obvious curative effect on preventing and treating cancer, treating female climacteric syndrome, and preventing and treating female osteoporosis. In the 1990s, soy isoflavones began to be used in animal production and showed performance. A good production effect has gradually been valued by animal nutritionists.
I. Composition and distribution
1.
Soybean isoflavones (ISO) is a mixture of polyphenols isolated from soybeans. There are three main types, namely, Daidzin Groups, Genistin Groups, Glycitin Groups, each of which exists in four forms: free form, glucose sputum type, acetyl glucoside type, and malonyl glucoside type (free form is generally called ç”™ yuan, and the latter three types are summarized as Combined type of )
2. Distribution
Soybean and its products are rich in isoflavones, the content of which is about 0.1-0.5mg/g dry soybean, of which the alum is 2%-3% of the total, and the glycoside accounts for 97%-98% of the total. The content of soy isoflavones in different parts of soybean is quite different. The most important concentration of isoflavones in the hypocotyls is about 1%-2%, but because the embryos only account for 2% of the total weight of the seeds, the proportion is very small (10%-20%); 80%-90 The % isoflavones are present in the cotyledons at a concentration of 0.1% to 0.3%; the seed coat content is the lowest, only about 0.03%.
Second, absorption metabolism
1, digestion and absorption
In nature, biochanin A and forodontin are precursors of daidzein and genistein, respectively, which are converted to soy isoflavones by the intestinal flora. . Experiments have shown that soy isoflavones are mainly absorbed in the intestine, and the absorption rate is 10%-40%. The absorption of soy isoflavones is mainly through two ways. The fat-soluble aglycone can be directly absorbed from the small intestine, mainly in the small intestine; the combined type of glycocalyx cannot pass through the small intestine wall, but through the bacterial β-glucosidase in the colon. Hydrolysis, the formation of alum, and then absorption, mainly occurs in the large intestine.
2, metabolism
There are obvious individual differences in the metabolism of soy isoflavones. Generally, the bioavailability of soybean mites is significantly higher than that of dye hibiscus and soybean meal. The final metabolites of soy mites are equol and deoxymethyl angora, while the genus genus is eventually degraded to 4-ethylphenol. The bound isoflavones that are not decomposed by the intestinal flora are not easily absorbed, and are directly excreted from the bile into the intestine; the isoflavone-type isoflavones are metabolized by the liver and intestine, and can be recombined with the glycoside to form a biologically inactive compound.
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