In the process of pest control, biological measures, cultivation measures and physical and mechanical measures should be taken as the main control, but it does not mean that pesticides are not used, especially when these methods are not effective, they must be supplemented with chemical control. For orchards that are in the transition period and have just been organically cultivated, because the ecological balance system in the orchard is still not perfect, it is necessary to carry out chemical control. Organic agriculture can only use some mineral pesticides, plant and microbial pesticides, and it is forbidden to use any chemical synthetic pesticides. It is important to note that stone sulphur, Bordeaux and oil emulsions are the three major pesticides in organic agriculture and the cheapest and most effective pesticides. They should be formulated and fully utilized. Practice has shown that under the premise of full prevention, plus three major pesticides can control most of the pests and diseases in the orchard. Because the orchard medication methods are generally familiar to the farmers, the following focuses on the precautions for the use of pesticides and pharmaceuticals commonly found in several organic orchards.
1. Preparation and use of stone sulphur mixture
Stone sulphur mixture is the most basic pesticide in orchard. It has good insecticidal and bactericidal effect. It can kill wintering pests and germs during the dormant season. It can also be used to eliminate the first generation of pests during germination. Good bactericidal and insecticidal effect. The stone sulphur mixture is made of 1 kg of quicklime, 2 kg of sulphur powder, and 10 kg of water. When preparing, put the quicklime in the container, use a little warm water to open it, adjust it into lime milk, then slowly add the sulfur powder, then add enough water and boil it with a big fire. When cooking, it is necessary to constantly stir, and use hot water to make up the original amount of water at any time. It takes about 30-60 minutes to see the liquid change from light yellow to dark brown. Filtration with a coarse cloth gave a clear brown stock solution. After cooling, the concentration of Bomei is measured by a specific gravity meter. Generally, a stock solution with a Baume degree of 22-24 can be obtained, and it needs to be diluted with water.
Dilution multiple calculation formula: water dilution factor = (original wave beauty - Baume degree to be diluted) / Baume degree to be diluted, stone sulfur mixture is mostly applied before germination and after defoliation, generally 3-5 wave US The concentration used in the growing season should be small, generally 0.2-0.3 Baume. In the fruit growing season, the stone sulphur mixture can prevent diseases such as hawthorn and other apple mites and apple powdery mildew, apple ring rot and apple rust. When the temperature is lower than 4 ° C or higher than 32 ° C, it is not suitable for spraying. The stone sulphur mixture can not be mixed with Bordeaux liquid and oil emulsion, and the corresponding use interval is 20 and 30 days.
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2. Preparation and use of Bordeaux mixture
Bordeaux liquid is a protective inorganic copper fungicide . It is the best protective bactericide for organic orchards. It has unique advantages: long residual period, 25 days; strong adhesion, resistance to rain erosion; resistance to pests; Especially in the rainy season, any medicine is irreplaceable; it is inexpensive. Commonly used Bordeaux mixture ratios are equivalent (copper sulfate: quicklime = 1:1), multiples (1:2), half-quantity (1:0.5), and multi-quantity (1:3-5). It is 160-240 times. When preparing, dissolve the quicklime according to half the water consumption. After it is completely dissolved, slowly pour both into the spare container and stir constantly. It is also possible to dissolve the quicklime with 10%-20% water and dissolve the copper sulfate with 80%-90% water. After it is completely dissolved, the copper sulfate solution is slowly poured into the lime milk, and the mixture is stirred while being poured, but it must not be stirred. Pour the lime milk into the copper sulfate solution, otherwise the quality is not good and the control effect is poor.
Bordeaux mixture has good control effect on various fruit and foliar diseases such as ring rot, anthracnose and brown spot, but it has poor efficacy against spotted leaf deciduous disease. When using it, it must be used now. In the middle of June when the rainfall is more (after the bag is finished) to the end of August, it is the epidemic and infancy of various diseases. All varieties are sprayed 1:2. - 3:200 times Bordeaux mixture; 1 time interval 15-20 days. Even spraying 3-5 times can effectively prevent the occurrence of apple ring disease, anthracnose and brown spot. Spraying Bordeaux solution after June has avoided the sensitive period of apple young fruit to copper, so it is safer.
3. Oil emulsion (kerosene emulsion, diesel emulsion)
The oil emulsion was first developed in 1815 to control pests of citrus trees and is one of the best and most basic pesticides in organic agriculture. It is made of 95% motor oil and 5% emulsifier. The oil contains a mixture of various compounds. It is insoluble in water. After adding emulsifier, the oil is completely dispersed in the emulsifier to make brownish emulsifiable concentrate. Can be diluted directly with water. It has a contact effect on pests. The mechanism of insecticide is that after the agent is sprayed on the surface of the worm or the egg shell, an oil film is formed to seal the pores and cause suffocation to die. In addition, a part of the oil is not saturated with hydrocarbon compounds, and its chemical properties are more active, in the presence of light. It reacts with oxygen in the presence of air to form an acid substance, which causes the worm to die.
When used, the 95% oil emulsion is diluted 50-80 times, used in the dormant season of fruit trees, mainly to prevent scale insects and other pests and diseases. The oil emulsion can also be sprayed at the time of germination (the sulphur sulphur mixture can no longer be used after applying the oil emulsion), and it can control the wintering female mites of the hawthorn spider mites, the overwintering eggs of the apples, and the already hatched oysters and apple mites. Overwintering eggs and newly hatched nymphs of apples. The 100-fold solution was diluted with 95% emulsifiable concentrate, sprayed after the apple was dropped, and the whole claw cockroach was controlled. The effective control period was over 40 days. Oil emulsions are harmful to the leaves and flowers. They must be used cautiously during the growing season and reduce the concentration. At present, some commercial oil emulsions are emulsified and can be used in the growing season. The effect of controlling red spiders is very good.
When using oil-based emulsions on fruit trees during the growing season, first of all, small-scale tests should be carried out on different varieties. After successful use, they should be used in the whole garden to reduce the phytotoxicity. Due to the different quality of the oil, the quality of the emulsion is often different, and sometimes there is a susceptibility or stickiness on the operator's skin. In addition, similar to oil emulsions, there are kerosene emulsions and diesel emulsions, the effect and use of which are similar to those of oil emulsions, which can be produced by themselves, as follows:
The raw material of the diesel emulsion is 1 kg of diesel oil, 0.08 kg of soap, and 0.7 kg of water. The soap is first cut into small pieces and heated and dissolved in water. The diesel oil was heated to 60 ° C in another container, the diesel oil was poured into soapy water, and the mixture was stirred while being poured, and the mixture was sprayed into another container with a sprayer, and repeated 2-3 times until it was milky white. That is, a stock solution containing 60% of oil is prepared.
4, wood vinegar and vinegar
Acid has a good bactericidal effect and is a natural green bactericide. It can effectively prevent and cure various diseases by using wood vinegar and vinegar. After soaking with garlic and pepper, it also has the effect of avoiding pests. Wood vinegar is also called vegetable acid. It is a reddish-brown mixture obtained in the process of wood retorting. It contains various organic substances such as acid, alcohol, phenol and ketone, most of which are trace components. As a by-product of natural forest products, wood vinegar is widely used in chemical industry, forestry, agriculture, animal husbandry, food processing industry and medical and health industry. With the advancement of agricultural production methods and agricultural research methods, under the premise of paying attention to environmental protection and health, the performance of wood vinegar has gradually been recognized and paid attention to, and its application in agriculture has become more and more extensive. According to production experience and related experimental research, it has been found that wood vinegar has various functions such as promoting plant growth, bacteriostatic, weeding and antisepsis.
In the charcoal burning process, the chimney is used to condense and collect the smoke generated when the wood is carbonized, and the obtained liquid is a crude wood vinegar containing a large amount of impurities such as tar, which cannot be directly applied to agricultural production and needs further purification. The refining method of crude wood vinegar mainly includes static sedimentation method, charcoal (or activated carbon) refining method, medicine refining method, simple distillation method and vacuum distillation method. In agricultural production applications, the following two methods are generally used for refining: 1 standing and sinking method: placing the thick wood vinegar in a container for more than 30 days, it will separate 3 layers, remove the upper 10% light oil and The lower part of the 30% tar and other impurity parts, the middle part is a safe and effective wood vinegar component, which can be used in agricultural production. 2 Charcoal (or activated carbon) refining method: adding charcoal powder to the wood vinegar (or wood vinegar which is settled and settled) in proportion to adsorb impurities therein, mixing, stirring and filtering to obtain refined wood vinegar.
After the wood vinegar has just been prepared, it can not be used immediately. It should be placed for half a year to one year. During the placement process, the pepper and garlic can be wrapped in a cloth bag, so that it is a good organic insecticide when used. . Use 300-500 times when preventing diseases, and use 200-300 times when diseases occur. The vinegar is diluted 300-500 times when used, and spread on the foliage in the evening. The therapeutic effect of vinegar is not as fast as that of chemical agents, and the number of uses should be increased. It is spread 2-3 times every 2-3 days during treatment.
5, sulfur suspension agent
Sulfur suspension has good bactericidal and acaricidal action, and is an excellent mineral agent. The sulfur suspension agent is safe for crops, has no residual toxicity, good adhesion and is resistant to rain erosion. The sulfur suspending agent, also called colloidal sulfur or sulfur suspending agent, is a suspending agent prepared by processing sulfur powder, and the processing dosage form is 50% grayish white suspending agent. Sulfur is a yellow solid powder with a distinct odor, insoluble in water, and capable of burning, producing a gas with a pungent odor. Sulfur is less toxic to humans and animals but has irritating effects on eyes and skin.
When used, the 50% sulfur suspension agent is diluted 200 times, sprayed after apple sprouting, can prevent hawthorn leafhopper and apple powdery mildew, and the dilution factor increases with the increase of temperature. Generally, 300 times of liquid is used after apple flowering, and 400 times of liquid is used in apple growth period. When the temperature is lower than 4 °C, there is no control effect. When the temperature is higher than 32 °C, it should not be sprayed to avoid phytotoxicity. It can also not be mixed with Bordeaux or oil emulsions at the same intervals as the stone sulphur mixture. In the facility, sulfur powder can be directly fumigated on a sulfur fumigation furnace, which is simple and effective.
6, Chinese herbal medicine
Chinese herbal medicine has an odor, has a strong deworming effect, and can also enhance leaf nutrition and promote thickening of the leaves. There are many formulas for making Chinese herbal medicines. The following describes a formula that can both deworm and enhance nutrition: 2 kilograms of angelica, 1 kilogram of cinnamon, 1 kilogram of licorice, 1 kilogram of garlic, 1 kilogram of ginger, 2 liters of black soybean milk, 150 kilograms of white wine, Black soy milk is boiled with black beans 2 kg + 3 liters of water. After the materials are ready, put them into a large container and cover them. It is usually used for one month in summer and two months in winter. Mix the agent and water before use, stir for 30 minutes clockwise, place for 10-15 hours and then use, usually spray at 300-500 times, with an interval of 7-10 days.
7. Plant source and microbial source insecticide
These pesticides are mainly insecticides, which are derived from insecticidal effective substances contained in plants. After being extracted, separated and processed into certain dosage forms, they are sold as commercial pesticides. Therefore, they are collectively called plant-derived pesticides and can be used in organic medicine. orchard. Before organic synthetic pesticides became the main pesticide varieties, plant-derived pesticides once shared the historic task of major pesticides with mineral-sourced pesticides. The most important plant-derived pesticides in the past were tobacco, rotenone, and pyrethrum. Its active ingredients are: nicotine (ie nicotine), rotenone, pyrethrin (pyrethrin I and pyrethrin II). Processed separately into nicotine sulfate water, rotenone emulsifiable concentrate, pyrethrin oil, matrine. There are also the use of rotenone and pyrethrum directly pulverized into a powder.
The microbial source agent is an insecticidal effective substance isolated from a metabolite of a microorganism, and is processed to become a commercial preparation having a clear component. The chemical molecular structure and physicochemical properties of their active ingredients must be ascertained, otherwise the stability of the efficacy cannot be guaranteed. And must pass the toxicity test, because many microorganisms are also toxic to humans and animals. The more important varieties are Bt preparations (ie, Bacillus thuringiensis preparations), polyoxomycin, and agricultural anti-120.
8. Precautions when using the medicine
1 Symptomatic medication: There are many kinds of pests such as fruit tree diseases and insect pests, and there are many kinds of chemical pesticides. Only when the pest species are accurately identified, the law of occurrence and development, and the characteristics of the drug are understood, can the accurate symptomatic medication be achieved. ;
2 timely medication: for pests must be used in the best control period of pests. The disease should also be determined according to its occurrence conditions and diffusion rules, and the timing of the best drug use should be taken before or during the disease.
3 appropriate amount of medication: some fruit farmers in order to improve the effect of the drug, often increase the concentration, so easy to increase the resistance of the bacteria, the sterilization effect can not increase much.
4 rotation of drugs: a long-term use of pesticides, bacteria often produce resistance, should use several pesticides in a year, instead of using one or two pesticides in an orchard for many years;
5 mixed drugs: in the production of apples, often several pests and diseases occur in the same period, mixed pesticides can treat several pests and diseases. However, it should be noted that most of the fungicides are acidic. These drugs should not be mixed with alkaline agents such as stone sulfur and Bordeaux. Both the stone sulphur mixture and the Bordeaux mixture are alkaline, but the mixture of the two immediately produces a dark brown copper sulfide precipitate, and the active ingredient is destroyed, which is prone to phytotoxicity to plants. Oil emulsions should be used during the dormant season and other pesticides should be used one month after use.
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