An encoder is a device that converts signals, such as bit streams or data, into electrical signals suitable for communication, transmission, and storage. It can transform angular or linear displacement into electrical outputs. The term "encoder" is often used to refer to both types, depending on the context. Based on their readout method, encoders are categorized into contact and non-contact types. Contact encoders use physical brushes to detect changes in code, while non-contact encoders rely on optical or magnetic sensors. In terms of working principle, they are divided into incremental and absolute types. Incremental encoders generate periodic electrical pulses as they rotate, with the number of pulses indicating the amount of displacement. These encoders require a reference point to determine position, as they do not retain position information when power is lost. Absolute encoders, on the other hand, provide a unique digital code for each position, allowing them to retain position data even after power loss. This makes them ideal for applications where accuracy and reliability are critical. Encoders are commonly used in industrial automation, machine tools, motor control systems, and measurement equipment. When combined with gear racks or screws, they can also measure linear movement. After generating electrical signals, these signals are processed by systems like CNC machines, PLCs, and control units. For example, ELTRA encoders use a photoelectric scanning method, where a rotating disc with alternating transparent and opaque sections generates light patterns that are detected by a sensor and converted into electrical signals. In some cases, encoders can also provide speed feedback to frequency converters, helping to regulate motor output. If an encoder fails (e.g., no output), it may cause the system to malfunction, leading to issues like slow operation or error messages such as “PG disconnected.” To ensure signal integrity, proper electronic circuitry is needed to generate clean square wave pulses without interference. Encoder wiring must match the type of encoder, with common output types including differential, open collector, and push-pull. Signal transmission methods depend on the converter’s interface, so selecting the correct PG card model is essential. Encoders are available in various specialized forms, such as elevator, machine, and servo-motor encoders, often featuring intelligent interfaces that allow communication with other devices. In addition to their basic function, encoders play a crucial role in ensuring precise positioning and reliable operation in complex systems. Incremental encoders require a reference point to reset position, while absolute encoders eliminate this need by providing unique codes for every position. Multi-turn absolute encoders further expand the measurement range by using gear mechanisms to track multiple rotations, making them highly suitable for long-range positioning tasks. Their ability to maintain accuracy without relying on external references significantly improves system performance and reduces installation complexity.

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