The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), part of the U.S. Department of Energy, has set a new global benchmark by developing a photovoltaic cell with an impressive conversion efficiency of 31.3%. This breakthrough was achieved using a dual-junction solar cell design, which leverages concentrated solar radiation to maximize energy output.
Previously, the world record for photovoltaic efficiency was held by Alta Devices, based in Sunnyvale, California, with a 30.8% efficiency recorded in March 2012. The newly developed cell from NREL is a 0.25-cm² III-V photovoltaic device that combines an indium gallium phosphide layer on top of a gallium arsenide cell. It was tested under the standard AM1.5G spectrum, which simulates sunlight at 1,000 watts per square meter.
This advancement stems from NREL’s innovative heterogeneous (IMM) cell design, which involves reordering the growth layers and introducing a transparent buffer layer to reduce lattice mismatch. By removing the main substrate and transferring it to a secondary handle, the cell achieves improved performance and structural stability.
The development is part of the U.S. Department of Energy's "F-PACE" (Future Photovoltaic Advanced Concepts and Efficiency) initiative, which aims to significantly lower the cost of solar energy. The broader SunShot Initiative seeks to push the boundaries of photovoltaic technology, with a long-term goal of achieving 48% efficiency in solar cells.
NREL scientist Myles Steiner emphasized that traditional improvements in multi-junction solar cells have focused on enhancing material quality and optimizing parameters like bandgap and layer thickness. However, the latest research highlights the critical role of internal optics in boosting performance.
Steiner pointed out that internal optical engineering has often been overlooked in high-efficiency III-V cells. He stated, “Our project aims to better understand and harness the power of internal optics to unlock greater efficiency.â€
This innovation marks a significant step forward in the quest for more efficient and affordable solar energy solutions. With continued research and development, the future of renewable energy looks brighter than ever.
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